Mycotoxins are defined as naturally occurring substances produced by filamentous fungi (moulds) that arouse toxic response when introduced in low amounts to animals through a natural pathway. These fungi are referred to as “toxigenic” fungi. They grow naturally as a form of contaminants on some food crops, majorly cereals, nuts and fruit. Conventionally, toxigenic fungi which contaminate crops have been classified into two groups: “field” and “storage” fungi. Field fungi (such as Cladosporium, Fusarium and Alternaria spp.) get to plants during the developmental stage of the plant; while storage fungi (e.g., Aspergillus and Penicillium spp.) proliferate during the storage period.

Mycotoxins, which are low weight secondary metabolites, produce harmful substances called Mycotoxicoses in animals which invariably impact public health. The toxicity effects of Mycotoxins could be acute or chronic, or both. The most toxic of these, is Aflatoxins. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 are a critical concern. A low-level exposure to Aflatoxin for a long term has been associated with different liver diseases such as cancer, jaundice, cirrhosis and hepatis. Also, they are genotoxic (DNA-damaging) carcinogenic and immunosuppressants. Ochratoxin A is another type of mycotoxin that is teratogenic (reproductive), immunosuppressant, and had been proved to have connection with kidney diseases. Other toxigenic fungi are associated with protein synthesis inhibition, genotoxic, and immune dysfunction.

Fermentek is a global leader in the production of high-standard reference material for Mycotoxins for food safety analysis and research. The company offers more than 60 types of Mycotoxins manufactured from various different microorganisms, divided into nine known Mycotoxin families. These products are formulated into a powdered form or standard solutions with high purity characterized by their melting points, TLC & HPLC. 

mycotoxins

Cyclopiazonic acid

Cyclopiazonic acid
Molecular Formula
C20H20N2O3
M.W.
336.38
CAS number
18172-33-3
MSDS
Source
Penicillium griseofulvum
Fermentek product Code
CPA-001
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
White to faint yellow powder
Purity by HPLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear colorless to faint yellow solution at 10mg/ml Dichloromethane or 34mg/ml DMSO (100mM)
Names and identifiers

RTECS: UY8587000

EU number
634-041-6
Description

Cyclopiazonic acid (aka CPA) is a toxic compound of indole tetramic acid group. This mycotoxin is produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus fungi.  CPA inhibits SERCA (sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum calcium-dependent ATPase and thus interferes with the muscle contraction-relaxation cycle.

InChl Key
SZINUGQCTHLQAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Canonical SMILES
CC(=O)C1=C(C2C3C(CC4=C5C3=CNC5=CC=C4)C(N2C1=O)(C)C)O
Solubility ( literature )

DMSO, Methylene Chloride and Methanol.

Compound Classification

Bioactivity:

  • tremorgen mycotoxin
  • vasodilator
  • endoplasmic reticulum inhibitor
Storage, handling
Store in a freezer upon arrival, at -10°C to -25°C
Retest time
3 Years
Applications

Cyclopiazonic acid is a reversible inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca++ATPase

Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Available since
Title
TSE
Value
F
Title
sig
Value
239805
Title
Transport information
Value
PG II
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Research field: Signal Transduction
Signal to sort
C

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Cyclopiazonic_Acid.gif
Cyclopiazonic_Acid.gif

Citrinin

Citrinin
Molecular Formula
C13H14O5
M.W.
250.25
CAS number
518-75-2
MSDS
Source
Penicillium citrinum
Fermentek product Code
CIT-001
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
Yellow crystalline solid
Purity by HPLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear yellow solution at 10mg/ml Dichloromethane
Names and identifiers

IUPAC Name           (3R,4S)-8-Hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-4,6-dihydro-3H-isochromene-7-carboxylic acid

RTECS DJ2275000  

EU number
208-257-2
Description

Citrinin is a mycotoxin capable of inducing mitochondrial permeability transition. Citrinin also inhibits microtubule polymerization

InChl Key
CBGDIJWINPWWJW-IYSWYEEDSA-N
Canonical SMILES
CC1C(OC=C2C1=C(C(=C(C2=O)C(=O)O)O)C)C
Isomeric SMILES
C[C@@H]1[C@H](OC=C2C1=C(C(=C(C2=O)C(=O)O)O)C)C
Solubility ( literature )

Slightly soluble in water. Soluble in dilute alkaline solutions. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile

Compound Classification

Benzopyran mycotoxin

Apoptosis inducer

Storage, handling
Store in a freezer upon arrival, at -10°C to -25°C
Hygroscopic substance.
Protect from moisture
Use the original container to store the product.
Keep the lid tightly closed.
Avoid exposing to strong direct light.
Open carefully – Lyophilized solid under vacuum
Retest time
3 Years
Applications

Initially isolated as a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Disclaimer
For Research use only
Not for Human or Drug use
Not extracted from humans or animals
Refer to MSDS for further safety and handling instructions
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Available since
Title
Deleted CAS Numbers
Value
11003-17-1; 16051-41-5
Title
Transport information
Value
Pg III
Title
CN code
Value
29419000
Title
Annex III inventory
Value
# Suspected carcinogen: The Toolbox profiler Carcinogenicity (genotox and nongenotox) alerts by ISS gives an alert for carcinogenicity; CAESAR Carcinogenicity model in VEGA (Q)SAR platform predicts that the chemical is Carcinogen (moderate reliability); I
Title
REACH status
Value
These pre-registration intentions were submitted to ECHA between 1 June and 1 December 2008
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Antibiotics
Apoptosis related
Signal to sort
C

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$1.00
Citrinin.gif
Citrinin.gif

Citreoviridin

Citreoviridin
Molecular Formula
C23H30O6
M.W.
402.48
CAS number
25425-12-1
MSDS
Source
Penicillium sp.
Fermentek product Code
CIR-001
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
Yellow to Orange-yellow powder
Purity by HPLC
≥95% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear yellow solution at 10mg/ml of DMSO, Methanol or Dichloromethane
Names and identifiers

Synonyms

  • Citreoviridin A
  • 4-Methoxy-5-methyl-6-(7-methyl-8-(tetrahydro-3,4-dihydroxy-2,4,5-trimethyl-2-furyl)-1,3,5,7-octatetraenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one
  • IUPAC Name: 6-[(1E,3E,5E,7E)-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-2,4,5-trimethyloxolan-2-yl]-7-methylocta-1,3,5,7-tetraenyl]-4-methoxy-5-methylpyran-2-one

 RTECS: UQ1235000

EU number
636-737-5
Chemical name
Citreoviridin
Description

Citreoviridin is a neurotoxic mycotoxin from Penicillium citeoviride, Penicillium toxicarium, Penicillium ochrosalmoneum, Penicillium ochrosalmoneum, Aspergillus terreus, and several other related fungi. Citreoviridin is believed to be the cause of the Acute Cardiac Beri-Beri disease. Naturally, It is formed on rice improperly stored.

InChl Key
JLSVDPQAIKFBTO-OMCRQDLASA-N
Canonical SMILES
CC1C(C(C(O1)(C)C=C(C)C=CC=CC=CC2=C(C(=CC(=O)O2)OC)C)O)(C)O
Isomeric SMILES
C[C@@H]1[C@]([C@H]([C@](O1)(C)/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C/C=C/C2=C(C(=CC(=O)O2)OC)C)O)(C)O
Solubility ( literature )

Citreoviridin is soluble in benzene, ethanol, chloroform, ether, dichloromethane. Citreoviridin is hardly soluble in water (enough to give it yellow color) and hexane

Compound Classification

Aurovertin class mycotoxin

Comment: Aurovertins are very toxic and complex pyrone derivatives of fungal origin . They bind to and inhibit mitochondrial ATPase, thereby uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. They are used as biochemical tools.

Storage, handling
Store in a freezer upon arrival, at -10°C to -25°C
Hygroscopic substance.
Protect from moisture
Protect from light !
Open carefully.
Use the original container to store the product.
Keep the lid tightly closed.
Store under argon.
Other vendors may recommend higher temperatures for storage.
Retest time
2 Years
Applications

As other Aurovertin group members, Citreoviridin binds to and inhibit mitochondrial ATPase, thereby uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation.

Citreoviridin, a mycotoxin that has been shown to inhibit the mitochondrial ATP synthetase system. It inhibits soluble ATPase, ADP-stimulated respiration in isolated rat liver mitochondria, and ATP-driven reduction of NAD+ by succinate (KD = 2 µM). Citreoviridin has been used to target ectopic ATPase activity in cancer cells in order to modulate the metabolic activity associated with tumorigenesis.

Disclaimer
For Research use only
Not for Human or Drug use
Not extracted from humans or animals
Refer to MSDS for further safety and handling instructions
Warnings
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Available since
Title
Transport information
Value
Pg II
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Antibiotics
Enzyme-inhibitors
Signal to sort
C

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Citreoviridin.gif
Citreoviridin.gif

Beauvericin

Beauvericin
Molecular Formula
C45H57N3O9
M.W.
783.95
CAS number
26048-05-5
MSDS
Source
Beauveria bassiana
Fermentek product Code
BEA-001
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
white crystalline powder
Purity by HPLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear colorless solution at 1mg/ml of Methanol; Clear colorless solution at 1mg/ml of Acetonitrile
Description

Beauvericin is a mycotoxin derived from the mould Beauveria bassiana, Fusarium strains and other moulds. Beauvericin belongs to the enniatin family of antibiotics. Beauvericin is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide with alternating L-N-methylphenylalanyl and D-a-hydroxyisovaleryl residues. While being toxic to insects, it is quite harmless for humans.

InChl Key
GYSCAQFHASJXRS-FFCOJMSVSA-N
Canonical SMILES
CC(C)C1C(=O)N(C(C(=O)OC(C(=O)N(C(C(=O)OC(C(=O)N(C(C(=O)O1)CC2=CC=CC=C2)C)C(C)C)CC3=CC=CC=C3)C)C(C)C)CC4=CC=CC=C4)C
Isomeric SMILES
CC(C)[C@@H]1C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[C@@H](C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O[C@@H](C(=O)N([C@H](C(=O)O1)CC2=CC=CC=C2)C)C(C)C)CC3=CC=CC=C3)C)C(C)C)CC4=CC=CC=C4)C
Solubility ( literature )

Beauvericin insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

Compound Classification

Oligopeptide, ionophore, antibiotic

Storage, handling
Deep frozen (-15 oC to - 20 oC)
Retest time
3 Years
Applications

Beauvericin is active against Gram+ bacteria, mycobacteria, insects, brine shrimp. Beauvericin shows cytotoxic, Immunosuppressant, and apoptotic activity. Beauvericin is the most potent specific inhibitor of cholesterol acyltransferase and possesses ionophoric properties. Beauvericin increases ion permeability in biological membranes by forming a complex with essential cations (Ca2+, Na+, K+), which may affect the ionic homeostasis.

Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Available since
Title
Transport information
Value
Not hazardous for transport
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Other mycotoxins
Cytotoxic agents
Apoptosis related
Anti Bacterial
Ionophores
Signal to sort
B

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Beauvericin.gif
Beauvericin.gif

Alternariol monomethyl ether

Alternariol monomethyl ether
Molecular Formula
C15H12O5
M.W.
272.25
CAS number
23452-05-3
MSDS
Source
Alternaria alternata
Fermentek product Code
AME-001
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
Off white to light pink powder
Purity by HPLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear colorless solution at 1mg/ml Acetone.
Clear colorless solution at 1mg/ml Methanol (slight heating).
Names and identifiers

Alternate names

  • AME
  • Djalonensone
  • Alternariol monomethyl ether
  • Alternariol methyl ether
  • Alternariol-9-methyl ether

RTECS : HP8755000

EU number
636-657-0
Description

Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) is a natural mycotoxin originated in Alternaria alternata fungi . It inhibits  Cholinesterase, and posesses  antifungal and phytotoxic properties.

InChl Key
LCSDQFNUYFTXMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Canonical SMILES
CC1=CC(=CC2=C1C3=CC(=CC(=C3C(=O)O2)O)OC)O
Solubility ( literature )

Soluble in DMSO, pure ethanol, methanol

Compound Classification

Pyrrolidinone mycotoxin

 

Storage, handling
Store in a freezer upon arrival, at -10°C to -25°C
Retest time
3 Years
Disclaimer
For Research use only
Not for Human or Drug use
Not extracted from humans or animals
Refer to MSDS for further safety and handling instructions
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Non hazardous for shipment.
Available since
Title
Transport information
Value
Not hazardous for transport
Title
CAS number validated
Value
26894-49-5; 641-38-3
Title
Deleted CAS Numbers
Value
31273-73-1; 916665-00-4; 11003-13-7
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Alternaria toxins
Other mycotoxins
Antibiotics
Cytotoxic agents
Enzyme-inhibitors
Anti Bacterial
Anti Tumor agents
DNA replication inhibitors
Signal to sort
A

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Price
$1.00
Alternariol_monomethyl_ether.gif
Alternariol_monomethyl_ether.gif

Alternariol

Alternariol
Molecular Formula
C14H10O5
M.W.
258.23
CAS number
641-38-3
MSDS
Source
Alternaria alternata
Fermentek product Code
ALR-001
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
Off white to slight yellow to slight pink powder
Purity by HPLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear colorless solution at 5mg/ml Acetone; Clear colorless solution at 5mg/ml Methanol
Names and identifiers

Synonyms:

  • AOH

Systematic Name :3,7,9-Trihydroxy-1-methyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-on

RTECS: HP8757000

 

EU number
636-339-1
Description

Alternariol is a mycotoxin that contaminates fruit and cereals. It is named after the fungal genus Alternaria. Alternariol shows anti-fungal and phytotoxic activity. Alternariol inhibits cholinesterase.

InChl Key
CEBXXEKPIIDJHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Canonical SMILES
CC1=CC(=CC2=C1C3=CC(=CC(=C3C(=O)O2)O)O)O
Solubility ( literature )

Soluble in DMSO, pure ethanol, methanol

Compound Classification

Pyrrolidinone mycotoxin

Storage, handling
Store in a freezer upon arrival, at -10°C to -25°C
Hygroscopic substance.
Protect from moisture
Use the original container to store the product.
Keep the lid tightly closed.
Avoid exposing to strong direct light.
Other vendors may recommend storing under argon
Retest time
3 Years
Disclaimer
For Research use only
Not for Human or Drug use
Not extracted from humans or animals
Refer to MSDS for further safety and handling instructions
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Available since
Title
Deleted CAS Numbers
Value
11003-13-7
Title
Transport information
Value
Pg III
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Alternaria toxins
Antibiotics
Cytotoxic agents
Anti Bacterial
Anti Tumor agents
Signal to sort
A

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Price
$1.00
Alternariol.gif
Alternariol.gif

Standard Solution Aflatoxin Mixture

Standard Solution Aflatoxin Mixture
MSDS
Fermentek product Code
STD-010
Brand/grade
Analytical standard
Description

Mixture of four Aflatoxin species: Aflatoxin B1, 0.5 ppm; Aflatoxin B2 , 0.5 ppm Aflatoxin G1, 0.5 ppm Aflatoxin G2, 0.5 ppm in Acetonitrile "HPLC-Supra-Gradient" grade. Ready for Injection into HPLC system; Please refer to the certificate of analysis for the exact concentrations of the toxins in the solution. Available in 1 ml or 5 ml vials.

Storage, handling
Store in a freezer upon arrival, at -10°C to -25°C
Use the original container to store the product.
Keep the lid tightly closed.
Disclaimer
Refer to MSDS for further safety and handling instructions.
Ingredient Reference
Aflatoxin B1
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Ingredient amount
0.5μg/ml in Acetonitrile
Ingredient Reference
Aflatoxin B2
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Ingredient amount
0.5μg/ml in Acetonitrile
Ingredient Reference
Aflatoxin G1
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Ingredient amount
0.5μg/ml in Acetonitrile
Ingredient Reference
Aflatoxin G2
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Ingredient amount
0.5μg/ml in Acetonitrile
Ingredient Other
Acetonitril, HPLC grade
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Ingredient amount
to 100%
Amber-glass vials, 1 or 5 ml
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Aflatoxins
Regulated Mycotoxins
Standard Solutions
Signal to sort
S

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Aflatoxin M2

Aflatoxin M2
Molecular Formula
C17H14O7
M.W.
330.29
CAS number
6885-57-0
MSDS
Source
Semisynthetic
Fermentek product Code
AFM-002
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
Off white to yellowish powder
Purity by HPLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear colorless solution at 1mg/ml Dichloromethane
Names and identifiers

4-hydroxyaflatoxin B2

IUPAC:     (6aR,9aR)-9a-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene-1,11-dione

RTECS: GY1720000

 

EU number
229-989-9
Chemical name
4-hydroxyaflatoxin B2
Description

A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin, found in milk of cows fed on meal contaminated with aflatoxin B2

InChl Key
OQLKWHFMUPJCJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Canonical SMILES
COC1=C2C3=C(C(=O)CC3)C(=O)OC2=C4C(=C1)OC5C4(CCO5)O
Solubility ( literature )

DMSO or MeOH

Compound Classification
  • Furano-furano-Benzopyran mycotoxin
  • Aflatoxin class toxin.
Storage, handling
Store in a freezer upon arrival, at -10°C to -25°C
Protect from moisture
Open carefully.
Use the original container to store the product.
Keep the lid tightly closed.
Avoid exposing to strong direct light.
Other vendors may recommend higher temperatures for storage.
Retest time
3 Years
Applications

Potent liver carcinogen and DNA-damaging agent.

It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals.

Disclaimer
For Research use only
Not for Human or Drug use
Not extracted from humans or animals
Refer to MSDS for further safety and handling instructions
Semi-Synthetic
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Available since
Title
Transport information
Value
PG I
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Aflatoxins
Regulated Mycotoxins
Signal to sort
A

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Aflatoxin M1

Aflatoxin M1
Molecular Formula
C17H12O7
M.W.
328.27
CAS number
6795-23-9
MSDS
Source
Aspergillus flavus
Fermentek product Code
AFM-001
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
White to slight yellow powder
Purity by HPLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear colorless solution at 1mg/ml Methanol:ACN (1:1)
Names and identifiers

Chemical names: 4-hydroxyaflatoxin B1

RTECS:  GY1880000

 

EU number
229-865-4
Description

Aflatoxin M1 is a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin, found in milk of cows fed on meal contaminated with Aflatoxin B1

InChl Key
MJBWDEQAUQTVKK-IAGOWNOFSA-N
Canonical SMILES
COC1=C2C3=C(C(=O)CC3)C(=O)OC2=C4C(=C1)OC5C4(C=CO5)O
Isomeric SMILES
COC1=C2C3=C(C(=O)CC3)C(=O)OC2=C4C(=C1)O[C@@H]5[C@]4(C=CO5)O
Solubility ( literature )

Methanol, DMSO

Compound Classification

Furano-furano-Benzopyranmycotoxin

Aflatoxin

Storage, handling
4°C. Protect from light
Retest time
3 Years
Applications

Potent liver carcinogen and DNA-damaging agent.It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals.

Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Available since
Title
Transport information
Value
PG I
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Aflatoxins
Regulated Mycotoxins
Cytotoxic agents
Signal to sort
A

Quote for

Larger quantities available. Please enquire
Price
$1.00
Aflatoxin_M1
Aflatoxin_M1

Aflatoxin G2

Aflatoxin G2
Molecular Formula
C17H14O7
M.W.
330.29
CAS number
7241-98-7
MSDS
Source
Aspergillus flavus
Fermentek product Code
AFG-002
Brand/grade
For research
Appearance
Off - white powder
Purity by HPLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Purity By TLC
≥98% ; refer to CoA for more data
Solubility test
Clear colorless solution at 5mg/ml Dichloromethane
Names and identifiers
  • Dihydroaflatoxin G1
  • HSDB 3456
  • IUPAC(7aR,cis)-3,4,7a,9,10,10a-hexahydro-5-methoxy-1H,12H-furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]pyrano[3,4-c]chromene-1,12-dione
  • RTECS:  LV1700000
EU number
230-643-4
Description

9,10-dihidro derivate of aflatoxin G1. A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin

InChl Key
WPCVRWVBBXIRMA-WNWIJWBNSA-N
Canonical SMILES
COC1=C2C3=C(C(=O)OCC3)C(=O)OC2=C4C5CCOC5OC4=C1
Isomeric SMILES
COC1=C2C3=C(C(=O)OCC3)C(=O)OC2=C4[C@@H]5CCO[C@@H]5OC4=C1
Solubility ( literature )

DMSO or Methanol

Compound Classification
  • Furano-furano-Benzopyranmycotoxin
  • Aflatoxin
Storage, handling
Store in a freezer upon arrival, at -10°C to -25°C
Use the original container to store the product.
Keep the lid tightly closed.
Retest time
3 Years
Applications

Potent liver carcinogen and DNA-damaging agent.It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals.

Disclaimer
For Research use only
Not for Human or Drug use
Not extracted from humans or animals
Refer to MSDS for further safety and handling instructions
Ingredient type
Fermentek product
Customs: Laboratory reagents-38220000
Transport safety: class 6.1 PG II
Available since
Title
Transport information
Value
PG I
Title
CN code
Value
29322090
Fermentek Product Category
Food Safety
Mycotoxins
Food Safety Related
Regulated Mycotoxins
Signal to sort
A

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Price
$1.00
Aflatoxin_G2
Aflatoxin_G2
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